A concentration is the legal combination of two or more undertakings, by the merger between two or more undertakings or by the control acquisition, directly or indirectly, of the whole or parts of one or several other undertakings.
Law 19/2012, of 8 May 2012 (the “Competition Law”), which entered into in force on 8 July 2012 and repealed the former competition law, Law 18/2003, of 11 June 2003, establishes merger control rules applicable to concentrations having effects in Portugal.
The Competition Law brought relevant changes on merger control rules, particularly by (i) putting the merger substantive test in line with the Significant Impediment of Effective Competition (“SIEC”) test of the European merger rules; (ii) changing the turnover thresholds required for the notification to the Portuguese competition authority (Autoridade da Concorrência – the “Competition Authority”), including adding a new de minimis market share notification threshold, (iii) deleting the previous notification deadline, and (iv) amending some deadlines applicable to the merger procedure.
In order to prevent the risk of competition restrictions, the Competition Authority exercises control over planned concentrations with effects in the national market.
Following an assessment phase, the Competition Authority may approve the concentration, including upon the application of remedies to be carried out by the undertakings, or prohibit the transaction insofar as it creates significant impediments to effective competition in the national market, particularly in case of creation or reinforcement of a dominant position in the national market.
Undertakings that execute concentrations which have been suspended or prohibited by the Competition Authority may be subject to fines and the legal acts related to the transaction could be declared null and void. The maximum amount of the fine could be 10% of the aggregate annual turnover of the associated undertakings that have engaged in the prohibited behavior.
This paper reviews some of the most important legal aspects regarding merger control rules in Portugal.
This paper aims to provide an overview of the Portuguese Telecoms Market and its regulatory framework.
The sector’s revenues experienced a slight (-0,3%) decrease in 2016, as a result of an eight year recession period. Nevertheless, in 1Q2017, major operators reported a YoY revenue growth rates between 1,2% to 3,5%.
These figures show a trend for future stabilization in the market, in spite of the ongoing restructuring of the former incumbent and the uncertainty surrounding the appointment of the telecoms regulator’s new board.
Undeterred by the loss of almost one quarter of its revenues due to the financial crisis, the Portuguese communication’s market remains one of Europe’s most interesting in terms of new services and solutions.
As available data shows, liberalisation of the telecoms market had a vastly positive impact both in the sector, and in the economy, as Portugal is fairing particularly well in comparison with its European Union counterparts in almost all of the market segments.
A more detailed analysis shows that the Portuguese market for traditional services – i.e. fixed and mobile voice and data – is highly concentrated, as Portugal’s three major operators, Altice, NOS and Vodafone, hold nearly 95% of the market shares.
As result of such an extremely high concentration rate, new competitors are not expected to appear in the traditional sectors.
On the other hand, OTT providers are becoming an increasing threat to traditional operators, due to their very popular services which include instant messaging, live video, audio calls and video on demand.
Notwithstanding the telecoms market apparent hostility towards new entrants and its premature signs of recovery, new players, such as Altice, have still managed to successfully establish themselves as prominent players.
Moreover, Portugal has a widespread infrastructure and a large customer base, open to advanced and complex communication products and services, thus, creating interesting opportunities in this field.
Portuguese due diligence are generally similar to any other due diligence. There are, however, some legal features with an impact on the risk assessment of the potential buyer that should be considered in a due diligence of a Portuguese target company.
In general, a due diligence may comprise four main stages:
- Drafting a checklist incorporating all information to be requested to the target;
- Reviewing information and drafting a preliminary plan with the most relevant topics for each exposure area;
- Drafting a preliminary report with the assessment of all relevant information/documentation;
- Drafting a final report (after requesting other relevant data related to the business, if necessary);
- and These stages are indicative and may vary on a case-by-case basis. In some cases, a due diligence process may even continue to be relevant in a post-closing term.
A due diligence process occurs throughout the proposed transaction, which may be concluded in a few weeks or months.
An effective selection of all relevant information, limiting the scope of the matters related to the business, may be crucial for a due diligence to be carried out correctly and avoid undesirable surprises.
The length of a due diligence process may depend on several issues: (i) how much time and monetary resources the potential buyer may spend, (ii) the exposure areas to be covered (iii) the documentation/information to be reviewed, (iv) the need to hire specialized consultants and many other relevant business aspects.
Although there is no a preferred outcome, it is crucial that the collected information confirms the real situation of the target company. The target company may be subject to different regulatory obligations due to its nature or the nature of its business. The legal framework governing Portuguese companies and Portuguese law contracts, should be properly assessed.
This paper reviews the most relevant aspects in a due diligence of a Portuguese target and certain legal and regulatory aspects affecting Portuguese due diligences that should be considered by foreign buyers and their legal advisors.
Portugal is experiencing a persistent banking crisis that translates into high levels of non-performing loans.
The causes of this crisis are now clear: the slow growth of the economy, the excessive weight of the State, the high levels of public debt, corporate debt and individuals’ debt, which began in the nineties and accelerated without control in the first decade of the new millennium.
These factors combined with the global financial crisis of 2008 triggered a serious financial and economic crisis, which would culminate in the request for international aid in 2011.
Following the sovereign debt crisis in 2010, the European banking authorities have imposed more stringent stress tests, the strengthening of the banks’ own funds and the contributions of shareholders and creditors for the recapitalisation of distressed banks.
However, the bank resolution mechanism, now in force in Europe, does not respond to the less critical situations where imbalances result from the difficulties in disposing of non-performing loans, which can become more serious when they reduce the liquidity of banking institutions and undermine the confidence of depositors.
Six years following the Troika intervention and three years after the end of the Portuguese bailout program, the banking crisis continues despite the concentration of banks and the reorganisation of the sector.
Public and private indebtedness remains high and banks accumulate non-performing loans in their balance sheets and in vehicles they indirectly control.
The Portuguese government and international institutions, like the IMF, the OECD, the European Commission, the EBA and the ECB recognize the problem and agree that banks should be freed of non-performing loans. However, they do not agree on the urgency of the problem and on whether State and/or European intervention are needed. While the EBA, the IMF and the OECD have been advocating the creation of an European mechanism for the disposal of bad loans, the EU Commission and the ECB prefer a softer approach.
This presentation is intended for anyone considering Portugal as their new home, setting out the main aspects worth knowing and outlining the opportunities of living in Portugal
You’ll also find a description of the Residence Permit for Investment Activity programme (ARI) launched by the Portuguese Government, which has proven to be an easy solution for investors from outside the Schengen who wish to obtain a residence permit in Portugal.
It includes rules on how non-EU citizens, who want to invest in Portugal, may obtain residence permits for investment purposes, known as “golden visas”.
As other European countries, Portugal has made several changes to its employment laws in the last few years and increased the flexibility of the legislation to attract foreign investment.
According to the World Economic Forum's Report 2016-2017, presently the Portuguese employment legislation is less rigid than that many European countries (for instance Germany and France), although still more rigid than that of the benchmark countries.
The labour reform approved in 2009 and the changes introduced after Portugal’s international bailout in 2011 have contributed to reduce the level of rigidity of employment rules. Nowadays Portugal is also better ranked in OECD´s Employment Protection Legislation Index.
Several aspects of the legislation have been revised since the adoption of the 2009 Labour Code, which adopted more employer-friendly legislation concerning the organisation of the workforce. For instance, working schedules may now be managed in a more flexible way without increasing the labour costs. The Labour Code also contains flexible rules that allow the employer to unilaterally change the place of employment and the employee’s functions.
According to the WEF Report, the changes in the labour regime has put Portugal 0.3 points behind the EU average, but ahead of larger European countries such as Spain and France.
After Portugal’s international bailout in 2011, Portugal simplified the termination procedures, reduced the severance pay, decreased the holiday leave period and suspended some public holidays.
Of course the elimination of some public holidays, rest days after overtime were not consensual, even though viewed as necessary by the Troika at the time.
After the general election of 2015, the suspension of the public holidays was removed in 2016 but no relevant changes to the labour legislation were made. Portugal believes that the system now strikes the right balance between securing employees’ acquired rights and benefits and the level of flexibility required by employers.
This translates into a low level of employment disputes. According to Pordata, an independent database of socioeconomic data, the average number of working days lost through industrial action by employee in 2014 was 1.7 against 1.1 in 2013, despite the harsh austerity measures imposed in Portugal in the last years.
After mini-hydro and wind, photovoltaic solar energy could become the third wave of the renewable energy revolution in Portugal. By 2020, the established power in the country promises to grow three times up to 900 megawatts.
Portugal has been one of the most enthusiastic countries regarding renewable energies. In 2015, 28% of the energy consumed was produced by renewable sources, compared to 19.2% in 2004. The amount consumed through renewable energy is the eighth highest among European countries and the fifth highest between countries that share the euro, being Portugal’s target for 2020 set at 31%.
In addition, in May 2016, the country used only renewable energy for four consecutive days and was able to supply the country's electricity grid without any carbon emissions relying only on wind, water and solar energy.
Regarding solar energy, Portugal has a strong potential, boosting an annual average of 2,200 to 3,000 hours of sun in the mainland, making it the European country with most hours of sun exposure.
Today, the established solar power in Portugal is of 299,89 MW. This represents a 484% increase compared to the 62 MW installed in 2008. The Moura solar park with its established 46MW and an annual production of 93 GW is the biggest in Portugal.
However, in 2016, despite the fact that renewable sources represented 58% of the electricity generated in Portugal, still, more than 30% of the renewable quota was achieved by the electricity generated by large-scale hydro power plants (with more than 10 MW of capacity), continuing solar energy very far from what could be its potential in the country, representing only 1% of the energy produced.
Given that evidence, the Government has already begun to reverse this trend with the issuing of licenses to build around 400 central MW. In addition, the establishment costs of a solar power plant in Portugal has decreased by 80% compared to 2008, being expected that by 2020 the capacity in the country will be 900 MW and by 2030, it will increase to 2,871 MW.
As a result of these changes, the construction of 15 new solar plants is currently being planned. The largest investment will take place at Alcoutim with the installation of the largest solar power plant in Portugal with 220 MW, and an estimated cost of 200 million euros, led by the international consortium China Triumph International Engineering Co. group and its Irish partner WELink.
The water sector in Portugal comprises the activities of (i) abstraction, treatment and distribution of water for public consumption, and (ii) wastewater sanitation. The responsibility for providing the services is shared between the State and municipalities.
The State is responsible for the Multimunicipal systems, or “upstream” systems, consisting of a set of components upstream of the water distribution network and downstream of the sewage network, which allow connection to the "downstream" system.
In turn, municipalities are responsible for Municipal systems, or “downstream" systems, which allow the “upstream” system to be linked at the end user, as well as collecting residual water from the producer by rejecting them in a “upstream“ system.
The State and municipalities can use different management models to carry out the activities of the sector, namely: (i) direct management, (ii) delegated management, or (iii) concession management.
The sector is characterized by a huge diversity of realities, not only in the scale and resources of the management entities but also in the management model adopted, subsisting several distinct entities that operate within the framework of different management models.
The water sector is a sector with greater prevalence of public entities. The upstream systems are made up of a universe of 14 companies, of which 9 are from the state business sector, owned by the AdP Group - Águas de Portugal. Only 3 private entities provide services in upstream, which are owned mostly by the private groups AGS and Aquapor).
In downstream systems there tends to be greater openness to private entities. Of the 61 companies that render downstream services, 30 are municipal concessions granted to private companies, 27 are delegations in municipal and intermunicipal companies, 1 is a concessionaire of a multimunicipal system, 2 were established in partnership between the State and municipalities through the ÁdP Group, and 1 is a state-owned company.
According to the latest data published in the Annual Report of the Portuguese Water and Waste Services | 2016 (RASARP 2016), in the multimunicipal water supply the most used management model are the multi-municipal concessions, covering a total of 174 municipalities and more than 5.1 million inhabitants. In contrast, the predominant model in municipal systems is the direct management of municipalities with a total of 70% of the total municipalities and approximately 52% of the population of mainland Portugal.
In 1993, the year the Portuguese natural gas project lifted up, Portugal had no backbone high pressure natural gas pipeline, storage and other infrastructures. From 1993 onwards, such infrastructures were built and natural gas became one of the most important sources of energy used in Portugal.
In the period between, 2000 and 2011, the natural gas demand increased 10% per year, and in 2015 the gas consumption, registered an increase of 16%.
Until 2006 the promotion of natural gas and the development of the system’s main infrastructures were handled by the Galp group companies, Transgás – Sociedade Portuguesa de Gás Natural, S.A. (“Transgás”) and GDP – Gás de Portugal, SGPS, S.A. (“GDP”), under concession agreements entered into with the Portuguese State.
The public service concession for the import, transmission and supply of natural gas through the high pressure pipeline, was granted to Transgás, and the public service concession for the distribution of natural gas through regional pipeline networks, was granted to six different companies, held by the GDP group.
However, the Decree-Law no. 30/2006 of 15 February 2006 (“Gas System Law”) transposed Directive 2003/55/EC, implementing common rules for the internal market.
The most important measures established by the Gas System Law were (i) the creation of a National Natural Gas Distribution Network (RNDGN), licensed or licensed to several operators, to guarantee non-discriminatory and transparent access to the network infrastructures of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) and RNDGN terminals, (ii) the legal unbundling between the network and infrastructure operators of the National Natural Gas System (SNGN) and the marketers, and (iii) the creation the figure of the natural gas supplier and the last resort supplier.
The Gas System Law principles were specified by Decree-Law 140/2006, of 26 July 2006 (“Gas Regulatory Law”), with new rules for the exercise of transmission, operation of storage of the LNG facilities, and distribution and supply services.
As a result of these changes, the natural gas sector was unbundled, and is currently divided into several activities, each one with different operators. Thus, the sector is structured in (i) reception, (ii) storage and regasification, (iii) underground storage, (iv) transportation, (v) distribution, and (vi) commercialization.
This briefing intends to give an overview on the functioning and organization of the different activities of the Portuguese Natural Gas Sector and on the main players of the sector.
Following harsh economic years, Portugal has shown an unexpected surge in tourism and in the real estate market in 2016 which is now catching the attention of local and foreign investors.
Portugal’s moderate growth rate in 2016, the support of the European Central Bank’s monetary policy and the commitment of the government to bring the deficit to 2.3% have renewed investors’ interest in Portugal. Still there are challenges ahead. Portugal needs to reduce historically high levels of Government debt and unemployment.
After implementing a harsh economic program with little social unrest, Portugal has facilitated the creation of new businesses, reduced the time for obtaining administrative permits, improved its labour legislation and reduced its corporate tax to 21%. For international investors looking for a place to invest in Europe, Portugal offers several advantages, of which many investors are not aware. Portugal is an ideal location for nearshoring industrial and services facilities because of its access to Europe’s 500 million consumers’ market and to the Portuguese-speaking world, which spreads across five continents: Europe, America, Africa, Asia and Oceania.
Portugal has a proven track record of successful foreign investments across a wide range of sectors. Investors that are considering Portugal as a place to invest want to know the hard facts about the country and not the stereotypes associated with the country and its people. Autoeuropa, Volkswagen’s Portuguese auto-plant, is one of its most productive plants. Nokia Siemens Networks chose Portugal to install its new Global Networks Solutions Center. Microsoft, Colt, Ikea have also successfully invested in Portugal in recent years.
Portugal has one of the most favourable business environments in the world. The World Bank's "Doing Business 2017" Report ranks Portugal in the top 25 of the world’s – 12th in the EU – most attractive locations to do business.
The «WhyPortugal 2017» report aims to answer the main questions of international businesses, institutional investors, private equities and industry players that are considering Portugal as a location to invest in Europe. This report provides an overview of the opportunities and challenges of doing business in Portugal and reviews the main aspects to be considered by foreign investors considering Portugal as a place to invest as regards the setting up of a business, hiring employees, taxation and government incentives.